Characteristics Of Culture The Dance, Religion, Music,...

In all of the countries around the world, different cultures are owned by the individual countries or rather cultures that relate to specific countries. For instance, India has thousands of cultures that are unique and distinct across all of the communities and religions that are present in India. The dance, religion, music, food, customs, architecture and language in India differ from one region to the other this is because as much as culture is close it cannot be the same across communities. There are many things that people in a particular geographic area practice for a long time. In turn, these become the character of these people or rather a community and these characters can be used to describe a particular culture. Many†¦show more content†¦There can be particular things that are shared by a group people within a culture while other people do not share these things. For instance, the culture of the Americans values freedom, even though the ways through which this freedom can be achieved varies or rather differs from one group to the other; this makes the culture not to be universal. Culture is dynamic; over time, various cultures interact, hence influencing each other, and in the end, they change. As new cultural traits come along, the old cultural features are in most cases done away with or lost as they prove to be no longer useful. The subtraction of old cultural traits and the addition of new cultural traits, regularly leads to culture change, since no culture is static, over time, all cultures change that is why there have been no problems experienced by people in adapting to the changing environment. This shift is experienced amongst cultures since most of the cultures are in contact with each other hence; there is an exchange of ideas and symbols. Culture is integrated; this whereby different parts of a culture can be put together or rather interconnected, this can also be referred to as holism. In culture, all the aspects are re lated and for one to understand a culture they must have the knowledge on all of the parts of culture and this is by learning. Culture is based on symbols; symbols are vital for communication, especially across all of the cultures as they areShow MoreRelatedEssay On Salsa1201 Words   |  5 PagesCuban music to that of Puerto Rico and the combination of the jazz culture of New York City. Salsa means ‘sauce, meaning that the name was derived from a strongly flavored sauce. The name was appropriate since salsa music is a ‘sauce’ because of the mixture of other styles of Cuban music with a Puerto Rican influence Salsa dance was born after the slaves were given freedom to dance to their rhythms on the streets. Those people who performed these dances were known as ‘sonterios. The music had aRead MoreAPHG Chapter 4 Questions1419 Words   |  6 Pagespopular cultures? 1. We define culture as the way of life of a particular people, it is what defines us as people, language, religion, food, and sports are all aspects of culture. 2. The difference between folk culture and popular culture is folk culture is the practice of a custom by a relatively small group of people in a focused area, popular culture is the practice of customs that span several different cultures and may even have a global focus. 3. The book uses the term local culture insteadRead MoreWhat I Learned About The Culture985 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Culture is defined as a â€Å"characteristic and knowledge of a particular group of people, defined by everything from language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts† (â€Å"Culture,† n.d., para 1). As I ponder the culture question as to whom I am, I realize I have a hard time explaining who I am. My religion is that I am a Methodist. I am quite shy when it comes to outings and friends. I have been told by the few friends I do have that I am a collector of strange and unusual factsRead MoreAfrican Culture : Africa Is A Mystery1378 Words   |  6 Pages201W Mengyao Li Prof.E.Julmisse 10/22/15 African Culture Africa is located in the south of the Mediterranean Sea and Europe with the Indian Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. For most people, Africa is a mystery, a dream, a place often gives people unlimited reveries. where the dense lush tropical rainforest, the world s most vast expanse of the Sahara, there is quaint rough customs, as well as their rich flavor food. To me, before I really search African, I thought thatRead MoreCulture : The American Culture1014 Words   |  5 PagesCulture cannot be defined because it is completely unique to the individual. Culture is something that we choose to create which helps identify ourselves as a person. Throughout the world there are many different cultures. Culture can can be based on things such as language, religion, and tradition or customs that we were raised in. Culture allows for groups of people to come together with similar interests and backgrounds to come share one common ground. Culture is everywhere we look and is in ourRead MoreCultural Diversity : Heritage Assessment1709 Words   |  7 PagesAssessment Heritage is the customs, traditions, ethnicities, cultures, achievements, beliefs, etc., that are fragment and portion of the history of a community group or a nation (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). When talking about heritage, one is talking about who we are, what part of the world are we from and what is our history is all about. Everyone come from different culture and with traditions, customs and the heritage differs from cultures to culture, which is determined by religions, ethnics, and culturalRead MoreCulture And Culture Of Spain1370 Words   |  6 PagesCulture of Spain Spain is a European culture that is based on a range of historical influences due to the migrations to Spain. Over the years cultures of Spain are known for their folklores in different social structures and diverse regions (Wren 18). World culture has been defined different by a number of scholars which all tend to agree in the same way. They tend to state that culture is shared by a group of individuals and transmitted through learning. Cultures shape humanity to a greaterRead MoreDifference Between American And Indian Cultures Essay1092 Words   |  5 PagesAs we know, all cultures have their differences. Cultural diversity is the quality of diverse or different cultures. I have chosen to discuss the difference between American and Indian cultures. Particularly, the culture surrounding pregnancy and birth. Thanks to globalization, there are Indians giving birth in America and Americans giving birth in India. It is important to recognize that people from different cultures ex perience life in a variety of ways. These include different ways of lookingRead MoreThe Appalachian Region Of New York1390 Words   |  6 PagesAppalachian Region were made-up of three main ethinic backgrounds; Scot-Irish, English, and German. â€Å"Appalachian people are considered a separate culture, made up of many unique backgrounds—Native Americans, Irish, English and Scotch, and then a third descendants of German and Polish immigrants—all blended together across the region†(â€Å"Appalachian Culture†, 2015). The immigrants came to the Appalachian Region either in search of land at cheaper prices or to get away from the Quacker Leaders. The AppalachianRead MoreEffect of Culture in International Business Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Culture is an important part of International Business. Culture is defining the collection of values, beliefs, behaviours, customs and attitudes of the member in the society. Culture is the behaviour that people act in the community. The characteristic of culture is also reflects learned behaviour that is transmitted from one member to another in society. There are also basic elements cultures such as social structure, language and religious. So the foreigner who wants to operate

The Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass - 2047 Words

Frederick Douglass was an African American social reformer, orator, and writer. He became the leader of the of the abolitionist movement after escaping from slavery and publishing his autobiography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. His narrative showed white anti-slavery sympathizers, how slaves were brutalized by the slave holding system. Harriet Jacobs was an African American writer who escaped from slavery and was later freed. She became an abolitionist speaker and reformer. Jacobs wrote her autobiography, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and published the book in 1861 under the name of Linda Brent. By reading slave narrative written by male and female is the idea of their experience as male or female such that†¦show more content†¦I still made him no answer, nor did I move to strip myself. Upon this he rushed at me with the fierceness of a tiger, tore off my clothes, and lashed me till he had worn out his switches, cutting me so savagely as to leave the marks visible for a long time. (Douglass 357). With this in mind, Douglass demonstrated that his commitment to nonviolent resistance was crucial in securing his passage to manhood and self-actualization; he was a model of patience, endurance, and fortitude. This demonstrated male maturity through his courageous action. An example of how Douglass had patience, endurance and fortitude were when Mr. Convey did not teach Douglass to manage the oxen. He sends Douglass with a team of oxen into the forest to retrieve some wood, therefore he does not know how to managed the oxen and upset the cart; he narrowly escapes injury and got stranded in the middle of the woods with a damaged cart and a team of oxen tangled in their own reins. He managed to untangle the oxen and control them; the oxen becomes frightened for a second time and runs off. He returns to his mater and reports what happen. Mr. Convey punished Douglass by making him take off his clothes; he didn t listen to his master s orders and was forced to take off his clothes by his master. Mr. Convey tried breaking Douglass as he felt that he was broken in body, soul and spirit. He is constantly abused by Mr. Convey as a result, he had patience, endurance, and fortitude. Douglass

The Importance of Color and Balance in the Work of Nolde Free Essays

Color was tremendously important to the artist Emil Nolde and Henri Matisse.   They used color to achieve balance, vividness, and brilliance.   Both men were born in the eighteen sixties and died in the nineteen fifties, therefore they were painting during the same time period. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Color and Balance in the Work of Nolde or any similar topic only for you Order Now    They were European with Nolde being from Germany and Matisse from France.   They shared an extraordinary use of color. Emil Nolde painted the famous still life Tulips using bright vivid color choices.   It is a watercolor on paper yet the colors almost have the same depth as oils.   The background in Tulips is a range of light and dark shades of violet.   The darkness is achieved by the amount of blue in the violet.   The actual flowers are deep shades of red, orange, yellow, and white. They are very detailed in shape and form.   Matisse painted the still life Tulips and Oysters on Black Background.  Ã‚   These two artists used similar colors in their work, but the works were different.   Matisse uses a deep brownish red instead of black as the title suggested for the background.   Like Nolde, he uses vibrant shades of red, orange, yellow and white which create the same warm tone as Nolde’s.   However, Tulips and Oysters on Black Background is not as defined and has more objects like a table and oysters along with the tulips. The focal point of each painting is the tulips.   In Tulips by Nolde, he uses colors that are analogues to achieve the warmth of the flowers that are a symbol of spring and warmer weather.   Matisse also uses red in the color of the tulips even though he uses more white than Nolde.   His use of analogues are placed on the table.   He uses the red table, yellow lemons, and the deeper shade of red in the tulips to create the same warmth that Nolde does. Both Nolde and Matisse use complimentary colors as well to achieve balance.   They both use green in the leaves and stems to compliment the red in the tulips. In Tulips by Nolde, orange is complimented by the shades of blue in the background.   Tulips and Oysters on Black Background by Matisse uses the blue in the vase to compliment the orange red of the table.   Nolde adds a random yellow tulip at the base of his arrangement so that the violet of the background will be complimented While the violet rims of the oysters compliment the vibrant yellow lemons on the table. References Delahunt, M. (1996-2008). Artlex. Retrieved April 9, 2008 from http://www.artlex.com Matisse, H. (1943-44). Tulips and Oysters on Black Background Nolde, E. (1930). Tulips How to cite The Importance of Color and Balance in the Work of Nolde, Essay examples

Newspaper Coverage of New York Jets free essay sample

Compares perspectives of Newsday New York Daily News stories columns critical of football teams players management. Newspapers every day cover the same stories and do so with slightly different perspectives according to the specific views of the writers, the interests of the readers, and the traditions of the given newspaper. Even two papers in the same city may have different attitudes toward certain people, issues, or institutions, differences which can be discerned on close reading. Two stories from two different papers on the same sports team will serve to show how these differences may be manifested, referring to stories on the New York Jets in the New York Daily News and Newsday. Rob Parker writes about the team in a column on the Sports Page in Newsday, a Long Island-based newspaper that at the time had just ceased publishing a New York edition of the paper because of excessive costs. We will write a custom essay sample on Newspaper Coverage of New York Jets or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Newsday is owned by the Los Angeles

The Silk Roads free essay sample

The Silk Road was an important trade network that established cross-cultural trade; people from Han China all the way to the Roman Empire were involved. The Roads came around at about 200 B. C. E, and persisted for another 1,700 years. Luxury goods, religions, diseases, food, and ideas have emerged within that time. The Silk Road and its trade remain constant even though its patterns of interaction have been altered through the plague and Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism. Over time, the Silk Roads’ routes spread all throughout Eurasia. Empires that were large and wealthy often traded goods, for this was very good for their economy. Unmistakably, trade comes with the dispersion of disease. Rats that lived on boats started the Bubonic Plague; ships carrying the disease would spread it at various stops, infecting more people. The Mongols contributed to the spread of the Black Death. Changes occurred when millions of people were killed during the Middle Ages. We will write a custom essay sample on The Silk Roads or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Furthermore, when the Roman Empire fell in the mid-5th century, trade was reduced along the Silk Roads. The plague was one of many factors that changed over interaction along the Silk Roads. Religion was a monumental change that resulted through communication of merchants and travelers. Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity arose and made its way across the Roads. After time, these religions became the most prominent in Eurasia. Among many changes lie a few continuities. The purpose of the Silk Road itself along with the goods traded remained the same for 1,650 years. Goods such as silk, spices, and currency were exchanged and developed. Ideas, technology, and innovation were also shared in the process. The purpose of the Roads was to make trade easier while satisfying the economy. Overall, change ended up being a positive result for nations that traded along the Silk Roads. From 200 B. C. E to 1450 C. E, people throughout Eurasia were providing and obtaining materials that sped up the development of human interaction. Despite changes in infections and religion, the original function and products of the Roads endured.

Dystopia and Lowry the Giver Essay

Dystopia and Lowry the Giver Essay Dystopia and Lowry the Giver Essay Jonathan Williams-Estevez Mrs. Kimball English 8-6 12-15-13 The Giver by Lois Lowry The Giver by Lois Lowry is a science fiction novel. (Sci-fi means it’s from the future or time travel or advanced technology.) The sci-fi novel is about Jonas and the Giver (the two main characters of the novel.), the story is about when Jonas was an eleven he had a normal life (in the community's way) but when he turned to a twelve he got his assignment as being the new Receiver of Memories, because he has the sense to see from beyond and the previous giver is getting old and weak. * My theme is about how rules make some places a utopia but too many can make the utopia the into a dystopisa because of how all the rules the committee have are controlling the lives of the people. The Giver becomes the teacher of Jonas when he gets assigned to being the Receiver of Memories because the Giver was the last Receiver of Memories. When the Giver starts to transmits the memories to Jonas, he is not just giving him memories from the community but from the whole world when there were floods, starvation, poverty, and even war. When the Giver is giving Jonas those memories he is also giving him awareness, feelings like loss, sadness, and love. The community citizens unquestioningly follow the rules, because over time killing has become a regular part of their lives, the horrible actions they do, it doesn't emotionally upset them. Just as the Giver says of Jonas's father killing the lighter twin newborn â€Å"It’s what he was told to do, and he knows nothing else.†(lowry ) As Jonas is getting those feelings he is also starting to realize the perfect **utopia he calls home, is actually a ***dystopia because of the rules. The rules that the committee made was to make everyone the same because the people didn't/couldn't see color, they have to do what they're told to do or you were released and they didn't have feelings like love or sadness. One of the rules is that they have to use precise language (accurate language.) and when Jon as was little he said he was starving and he got smacked because the workers that worked there said that â€Å"He isn’t starving he’s hungry.† (lowry ) They also have a rule about your spouse. If you want one you will have to apply for one

Managing capability of Ford Motor Company Coursework - 1

Managing capability of Ford Motor Company - Coursework Example The paper tells that capabilities of an organization can be segregated into two deliverables including threshold capabilities and capabilities for gaining competitive advantage. These capabilities are driven by tangible and intangible resources that constitute of threshold and unique resources. Moreover, competencies are also a critical aspect of capabilities which entail core and threshold competencies. A complete amalgamation of these aspects and a well-organized organizational outlook can facilitate companies to manage capability for gaining the sustainable competitive advantage. Ford Motor Company has emerged as one of the major sustainable companies in the automobile industry which make utmost use of its resources and capabilities to derive competitive advantages. The company has focused on providing exceptional values to its customers all over the world. It has a unique combination of power and technology that makes its every vehicle a special one. A few of the very well known brands of Ford are Fiesta, Focus, and Fusion. Mobility Muse started Ford Motor Company in the year of 1903 with the investment of US$28,000. It used to manufacture classic elegant vehicles but now with the advancement of technology and in keeping with evolving trends, it is presently manufacturing high-tech business class vehicles. It also helps newer drivers all over the world to become safer drivers. In terms of its distinct capabilities, from the handling of vehicles to the elegant exterior finish and superior luxury interior, in every single aspect, Ford has been mostly able to meet the expectations of the national as well as global markets. It also manufactures trucks and utility vehicles. It always focuses to create a strong business periphery to serve the world better. In this endeavor, it has been taking initiatives for the betterment of the society by way of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).

Use of drugs in Sports Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Use of drugs in Sports - Dissertation Example A quick review of print and electronic literatures reveals that doping has been an integral and controversial issue for the sports fraternity since historical times. In most literatures on doping in sports, the types of drugs used and their effects on individual sportsmen, sportswomen, their families, their nations, their fans and the sporting fraternity have been given quite a wide coverage. This kind of coverage emphasizes the importance of the fight against doping in sports. Besides, seeking to ensure a level and fair playing field for sportsmen and women, the fight against doping has been portrayed in literatures as seeking to eliminate and reduce the negative effects of doping on health, well being and the image of sports (Berryman, 1992). Literatures have also covered the interventions designed and impended to curtail doping problems in sports. For example, as a consequent of drug use by athletes and the subsequent health effects and deaths, sports governing bodies such as the International Olympic Committee (IOC) set up medical and testing commissions to test athletes for signs of illicit substances and ban the use of these drugs and other performance enhancing substances. Although these testing started in a small scale in the 1968 Mexico Olympics, it would be introduced in a full-scale at the Olympic Games in Munich four years later (Wayne, 2000). Following the banning of substances such as anabolic steroids, many sportsmen were disqualified in the years that followed 1975 and 1983.

A critical evaluation of central government urban regeneration Essay - 1

A critical evaluation of central government urban regeneration policies since the 1980s in Docklands, London - Essay Example The shift in the political scenario shall also not be advantageous, the future cabinet is expected to comprising of representatives from suburbs and South East, and therefore these representatives shall not share "same commitment to high levels of regeneration funding, particularly if economic circumstances demand a squeeze on public spending" (Cross, 1993). It is important that realistic approach shall be adopted to ensure optimum utilization of the available opportunities. It is important to initially settle the objectives into list of practical and non-practical items. It is evident that the current government "cannot guarantee to regenerate every town and every city in Britain that has fallen behind". Every location has its strategic and economic significance, and two cities at different locations shall never share similar significance, this is natural phenomenon and has contributed towards mass migration of the dwellers in the past. Britain has to face the truth that the locatio ns, which previously exhibited potential for investment in 19th century, are insignificant in the current economic and strategic setup. The general consensus among the legislatives exists that "port cities had an advantage in an era when exporting manufactured goods by sea was a vital source of prosperity; today the sea is a barrier to their potential for expansion and they are cut off from the main road transport routes" (Cross, 1993).

Structural characteristics of a marketing orientated business

Structural characteristics of a marketing orientated business There are many definitions of marketing. The better definitions are focused upon customer orientation and satisfaction of customer needs. Marketing is the social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others Marketing is the management process that identifies, anticipates and satisfies customer requirements profitably The Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM). The CIM definition (in common with Barwells definition of the marketing concept) looks not only at identifying customer needs, but also satisfying them (short-term) and anticipating them in the future (long-term retention). The right product, in the right place, at the right time, at the right price Adcock. This is a snappy and realistic definition that uses McCarthys Four Ps. Marketing is essentially about marshalling the resources of an organization so that they meet the changing needs of the customer on whom the organization depends Palmer. This is a more recent and very realistic definition that looks at matching capabilities with needs. Marketing is the process whereby society, to supply its consumption needs, evolves distributive systems composed of participants, who, interacting under constraints technical (economic) and ethical (social) create the transactions or flows which resolve market separations and result in exchange and consumption. Bartles. Question 1. Enlighten the company on the marketing concept and process, to include a) characteristics of marketing oriented company including structure and culture, b) explain the various elements of the marketing concept, c) access the benefits and costs of a marketing approach. Answer: Structural characteristics of a marketing-orientated business A business that has a marketing orientation sees the needs of customers and consumers as vital. As it develops and markets products to meet those demands, certain structural characteristics become apparent in the business. Structure: Every organization made up of more than one person will need some form of organizational structure. An organizational chart shows the way in which the chain of command works within the organization. The way in which a company is organised can be illustrated for a packaging company. The company will be owned by shareholders that choose directors to look after their interests. The directors then appoint managers to run the business on a day-to-day basis There are different kinds of organizational structure. The most common organizational structure are: -tall -flat Culture: The culture within the organization is known as corporate culture. A market oriented company like Paper Chase Ltd, will have to develop an attitude and way of doing things such that the whole organization embraces the concept that the customers are the key to the companys success and their wants and needs should be satisfied at all times. A corporate culture towards customer orientation and satisfaction should involve providing prompt valuable service. The Marketing Concept The marketing concept is the philosophy that firms should analyze the needs of their customers and then make decisions to satisfy those needs, better than the competition. Today most firms have adopted the marketing concept, but this has not always been the case. The marketing concept has 3 key elements. A customer orientation The customer is always right when they believe they are right.   They may be dead wrong.     But if by their understanding of the situation they believe they are right, then you need to acknowledge their belief.   Only after you have honored that belief and acknowledged that it can you begin to present a different way of looking at the situation.   That takes time and effort.   Seldom is it worth skipping that process An integrated company effort The all structure of the organization must work together to fulfil customers needs and wants. If any section of the organization fails to meet the requirements of the customer, it will result in lost opportunities or dissatisfied customers. A profit-goal rather than just a sales-goal Every company want more profit. This is the one another concept. On the othe hand customers want good product in best price. That means both wants to be satisfied. This satisfaction may well be the result of negotiation where the customer has accepted on alternative product or organization has had to accept lower profit. But they (Both) must be satisfied with the exchange. Otherwise, it will not be marketing. Benefits of Strategic Interactive Marketing * More affluent customers: Those customers that acquire the various interactive technologies are more affluent and value their time more highly. They will pay for responsive service and for having their particular needs met. * Accurately targeting promotions: Personalized and animated illustrations could be electronically delivered regularly or on special occasions (e.g. birthdays, anniversaries, car renewal). * Higher sales conversions through raising customer confidence, and inducing buy-in: Complex offering, whereby a number of different product benefits are inter-linked, could more easily be comprehended through graphics and animation. Using interactive software, including simulation techniques, the customer is able to involve themselves in the development and exploration of various options and see real life illustrations. * Product Awareness: Customer (or sales representative) can have access comprehensive product information to address a wide range of needs (one-stop shopping). Lower Costs * Distribution and sales costs are much lower (see the Booz-Allen Hamilton example banking transaction costs). There are no sales persons to employ, no expensive premises, and customers even perform the data entry! * Servicing costs: Besides the obvious e-mail type links to customer services, customers could directly view or enquire on their product portfolio. * Promotional costs: Electronic delivery is substantially lower, especially when media rich formats are involved. When products or services change, there are no wasted brochures etc * Product retention: Customer (or sales representative) can have access comprehensive product information. In the case of investment products it is imperative that correct advice is given in order to comply with the Financial Services Act. Market Exploitation * Market responsiveness: In response to competitor actions or legislation, etc., changes can be quickly made to products and services and then distributed to customers and suppliers. * Cross-selling: By linking into other companys delivery medium, one companys products can be cross-sold to another, and the linking reciprocated. * Differentiation: A go-ahead insurer has the ability to present a lively and innovative image and to break away from the traditionally stuffy image of the insurance industry. Promotion * Promotion needs to direct customers to different access points according to their capability and inclination to design their own product or service. See Design. Design * Products and services need to be design and made available at a component level under construction together with business rules under construction that define the possible combinations and limits. * Quite often there will be a base (or core) component to which further components are added. * Starter products and services of pre-built components will be available to help customers into the design process. * Product information needs to be available at the component level as well as for any base product. Pricing * Products and services need pricing at a component level and to take into account the distribution method (customer self service, agent or sales person, face to face, via the telephone or the Internet, etc.). Production * Production systems need to assemble the components according to the unique customer design. * A detailed record of the product or service will need to be kept so that it can later be serviced or amend (see Servicing). Servicing * Profiles of individual customer products as well as profiles of the individual customers need to be available to support staff and the customer throughout the life of the product or service. Question 2. Explore the concepts of segmentation, targeting and positioning with reference to Paper Chase Ltd a) Identify and explain the macro and micro environment influencing Paper Chase, b) propose segmentation criteria for any 2 products from the brain storming sessions c) which markets Paper Chase should target and factors influencing their choice d) How buyer behaviour affects the marketing of Paper Chase products. Answer: Marketing environment The term marketing environment relates to all of the factors (whether internal, external, direct or indirect) that affects a firms marketing decision-making or planning and is subject of the marketing research. A firms marketing environment consists of two main areas, which are: Macro environment On the macro environment a firm holds only little control. It consists of a variety of external factors that manifest on a large (or macro) scale. These are typically economic, social, political or technological phenomena. A common method of assessing a firms macro-environment is via a PESTLE (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and Ecological) analysis. Within a PESTLE analysis, a firm would analyze national political issues, culture and climate, key macroeconomic conditions, health and indicators (such as economic growth, inflation, unemployment, etc.), social trends/attitudes, and the nature of technologys impact on its society and the business processes within the society. Micro environment A firm holds a greater amount (though not necessarily total) control of the micro environment. It comprises factors pertinent to the firm itself, or stakeholders closely connected with the firm or company. A firms micro environment typically spans: * Customers/consumers * Employees * Suppliers * The Media By contrast to the macro environment, an organization holds a greater degree of control over these factors. Market segmentation Market segmentation pertains to the division of a market of consumers into persons with similar needs and wants. As an example, if using Kelloggs cereals in this instance, Frosties are marketed to children. Crunchy Nut Cornflakes are marketed to adults. Both goods aforementioned denote two products which are marketed to two distinct groups of persons, both with like needs, traits, and wants. The purpose for market segmentation is conducted for two main issues. First, a segmentation allows a better allocation of a firms finite resources. A firm only possesses a certain amount of resources. Accordingly, it must make choices (and appreciate the related costs) in servicing specific groups of consumers. Furthermore the diversified tastes of the contemporary Western consumers can be served better. Market segmentation can be defined in terms of the STP acronym, meaning Segment, Target and Position. Segment Segmentation involves the initial splitting up of consumers into persons of like needs/wants/tastes. Four commonly used criteria are used for segmentation, which include: * Geographical (e.g. country, region, city, town, etc.) * Psychographic (i.e. personality traits or character traits which influence consumer behavior) * Demographic (e.g. age, gender, socio-economic class, etc.) * Behavioural (e.g. brand loyalty, usage rate, etc.) The two products, from the brain storming session, selected for criteria Paper Chase Ltd are: Tea Tea Cup Tea and Tea Cup has three different Segment Tea Cup Large Medium Small Tea Milk Tea Green Tea Red Tea Target Once a segment has been identified, a firm must ascertain whether the segment is beneficial for them to service. The DAMP acronym, meaning Discernible, Accessible, Measurable and Profitable, are used as criteria to gauge the viability of a target market. DAMP is explained in further detail below: * Discernable How a segment can be differentiated from other segments. * Accessible How a segment can be accessed via Marketing Communications produced by a firm. * Measurable Can the segment be quantified and its size determined? * Profitable Can a sufficient return on investment be attained from a segments servicing? The next step in the targeting process is the level of differentiation involved in a segment serving. Three modes of differentiation exist, which are commonly applied by firms. These are: * Undifferentiated Where a company produces a like product for all of a market segment. * Differentiated In which a firm produced slight modifications of a product within a segment. * Niche In which an organization forges a product to satisfy a specialized target market. Position Positioning concern how to positions a product in the mind of consumers. A firm often performs this by producing a perceptual map, which denotes products produced in its industry according to how consumers perceive their price and quality. From a products placing on the map, a firm would tailor its marketing communications to suit meld with the products perception among consumers. Buying behaviour A marketing firm, in the course of its operations, must ascertain the nature of buying behaviour, if it is to market properly its product. In order to entice and persuade a consumer to buy a product, the psychological/behavioural process of how a given product is purchased. Buying behaviour consists of two prime strands, namely being consumer (B2C) behaviour and organizational/industrial behavior (B2B). B2C buying behaviour This mode of behaviour concerns consumers, in the purchase of a given product. The B2C buying process is as thus: * Need/want recognition * Information search * Search for alternatives (to satisfy need/want) * Purchase decision * Post-purchase evaluation As an example, if one pictures a pair of sneakers, the desire for a pair of sneakers would be followed by an information search on available types/brands. This may include perusing media outlets, but most commonly consists of information gathered from family and friends. If the information search is insufficient, the consumer may search for alternative means to satisfy the need/want. In this case, this may be buying leather shoes, sandals, etc. The purchase decision is then made, in which the consumer actually buys the product. Question 3. Identify and analyse the individual elements of Paper Chase marketing, to include product, price, promotion, place, people, process and physical evidence. Answer: Marketing mix In the early 1960s, Professor Neil Borden at Harvard Business School identified a number of company performance actions that can influence the consumer decision to purchase goods or services. Borden suggested that all those actions of the company represented a Marketing Mix. Professor E. Jerome McCarthy, at the Michigan State University in the early 1960s, suggested that the Marketing Mix contained 4 elements product, price, place and promotion. Product The product aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services, and how it relates to the end-users needs and wants. The scope of a product generally includes supporting elements such as warranties, guarantees, and support. Pricing This refers to the process of setting a price for a product, including discounts. The price need not be monetary; it can simply be what is exchanged for the product or services, e.g. time, energy, or attention. Methods of setting prices optimally are in the domain of pricing science. A number of modes of pricing techniques exist, which span: * Elasticities (whether Price Elasticity of Demand, Cross Elasticity of Demand, or Income Elasticity of Demand) * Market skimming pricing * Market penetration pricing Elasticitys are a microeconomic concept, which gauges how elastic demand is for a given good/service. In a marketing context, its usefulness relates to the suitable level at which a product can be priced, in accordance with price, a products complements and substitutes, and the level of income a consumer possesses. Market skimming pertains to firm releasing a good in a first to market scenario. As an example, picture a company which releases a new type of personal media playing system. It may set the good at an initially high level, but reduce it over time, once the level of demand gradually rises. Market skimming is best operable within a first to market scenario, since there would be few competitors within the companys industry. Market penetration concerns pricing policies for late entrants to a market. Placement (or distribution) This refers to how the product gets to the customer; for example, point-of-sale placement or retailing. This third P has also sometimes been called Place, referring to the channel by which a product or service is sold (e.g. online vs. retail), which geographic region or industry, to which segment (young adults, families, business people), etc. also referring to how the environment in which the product is sold in can affect sales. Promotion This includes advertising, sales promotion, including promotional education, publicity, and personal selling. Branding refers to the various methods of promoting the product, brand, or company. These four elements are often referred to as the marketing mix, [5] which a marketer can use to craft a marketing plan. The four Ps model is most useful when marketing low value consumer products. Industrial products, services, high value consumer products require adjustments to this model. Services marketing must account for the unique nature of services. In order to recognize the different aspects of selling services, as opposed to Products, a further three Ps were added to make a range of Seven Ps for service industries: * Process the way, in which orders are handled, customers are satisfied and the service is delivered. * Physical Evidence is tangible evidence of the service customers will receive (for example a holiday brochure). * People the people meeting and dealing with the customers. As markets have become more satisfied, the 7 Ps have become relevant to those companies selling products, as well as those solely involved with services: customers now differentiate between sellers of goods by the service they receive in the process from the people involved Question 4. Select any 2 products from the brain storming session and elaborate on the application of different marketing mix (to include extended marketing mix elements) to different markets segments and context. Briefly discuss the areas that need consideration, should Paper Chase consider foreign expansion in the future. Answer: Marketing mix for Coffee: Product: Paper Chase Ltd have different kind of Coffee for customers Price: Price are very reasonable for Coffee. So that people can purchase easily Promotion: This company give different kind of advertisement. Place: Paper Chase always find new and comfortable places for the customer. Marketing mix for Clock Product: This company has different type of clock for the customers. Price: Price of the clock always are in customer budget. So that customer can purchase easily. Place: Paper Chase should seek a comfortable place. The atmosphere should be nice. Promotion:Paper Chase provides different kind of promotion. Like advertising, discount, coupon etc. Mr. Smith will think what types of product need for customer. Then those products are supply for the customer. They need widely marketing and more communicate with the customer. Then customer will be attractive for product line or company. Paper chase provide special supply some product. As for example Pens with company logos because whose company ordered the product their company logo will be printed pens body.

Sir Gawain :: Essays Papers

Sir Gawain If only there ever is a need to describe Sir Gawain with one word, this word would be nobility. All his actions are noble. His only bad deed is lying to Sir Bercilak in the Green Castle when Gawain did not return a girdle he received from Bercilak's wife on the third day of his visit. However, this situation practically forms and defines Gawain. It is important to remember that fight with the Green Knight was Gawain's first challenge; he was the youngest knight of King Arthur's court, a knight with no experience behind him. Gawain suffers for lying to the Green Knight (the third blow of an axe cuts Gawain's neck), and this experience influenced Gawain so much that he keeps and wears the belt as a reminder of his mistake even though everybody at the Arthur's court take this as a fashion statement when Gawain returns. Gawain looks and speaks in the way an ideal knight should look and speak. His clothes are regular for the knight; his speech, on the other hand, is somewhat distinct from other knights. He is the only knight that steps forward to save Arthur's honor and life in the stories of The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. In the story of Dame Ragnell, Sir Gawain does not hesitate to agree to marry Dame Ragnell, the foulest woman alive, to save King Arthur even though Arthur does not ask Gawain explicitly. Gawain feels honored that he is able to help his lord in the moment of trouble. In the second story, even though Gawain is the youngest knight he steps out when all other knights are frozen and Arthur is embarassed before the Green Knight. Both these episodes show Gawain's true devotion to his Lord and code of knighthood. In the early stories, Sir Gawain is often considered to be the noblest knight of all. In later stories, like Morte D'Arthur by Sir Mallory for instance, he often loses the first place of Sir Lancelot. However, Sir Gawain can still be considered the noblest knight since Sir Lancelot after all does have an affair with Arthur's wife, and even though chivalrous code does not tie love and marriage together, it still does not look good on his resume. Sir Gawain, on the other hand, is always follows the code, and tries hard to serve his lord to the best of his abilities. Sir Gawain :: Essays Papers Sir Gawain If only there ever is a need to describe Sir Gawain with one word, this word would be nobility. All his actions are noble. His only bad deed is lying to Sir Bercilak in the Green Castle when Gawain did not return a girdle he received from Bercilak's wife on the third day of his visit. However, this situation practically forms and defines Gawain. It is important to remember that fight with the Green Knight was Gawain's first challenge; he was the youngest knight of King Arthur's court, a knight with no experience behind him. Gawain suffers for lying to the Green Knight (the third blow of an axe cuts Gawain's neck), and this experience influenced Gawain so much that he keeps and wears the belt as a reminder of his mistake even though everybody at the Arthur's court take this as a fashion statement when Gawain returns. Gawain looks and speaks in the way an ideal knight should look and speak. His clothes are regular for the knight; his speech, on the other hand, is somewhat distinct from other knights. He is the only knight that steps forward to save Arthur's honor and life in the stories of The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. In the story of Dame Ragnell, Sir Gawain does not hesitate to agree to marry Dame Ragnell, the foulest woman alive, to save King Arthur even though Arthur does not ask Gawain explicitly. Gawain feels honored that he is able to help his lord in the moment of trouble. In the second story, even though Gawain is the youngest knight he steps out when all other knights are frozen and Arthur is embarassed before the Green Knight. Both these episodes show Gawain's true devotion to his Lord and code of knighthood. In the early stories, Sir Gawain is often considered to be the noblest knight of all. In later stories, like Morte D'Arthur by Sir Mallory for instance, he often loses the first place of Sir Lancelot. However, Sir Gawain can still be considered the noblest knight since Sir Lancelot after all does have an affair with Arthur's wife, and even though chivalrous code does not tie love and marriage together, it still does not look good on his resume. Sir Gawain, on the other hand, is always follows the code, and tries hard to serve his lord to the best of his abilities.

Destruction of the Old Order in King Lear Act I

In the first act of King Lear Shakespeare turns the order of world of the play upside down. By the end of the first act virtually every character's station in life has been changed significantly. Lear has given away his power, he has destroyed his family by disowning one daughter and angered another, and he has banished his most trusted advisor. When the play begins, Lear is King of England. He has long ruled and apparently has done so competently. He holds all power in England. Although Lear has advisers, notably Kent and Gloucester, it is clear that Lear is in charge and he keeps his own counsel and makes his own decisions. The play opens with his two advisers, the Earls of Kent and Gloucester being surprised that Lear no longer appears to prefer Goneril's husband the Duke of Albany over Regan's husband Duke of Cornwall. â€Å"I thought the King had more affected the Duke of Albany than Cornwall† (I.i.1-2). Due to his failure to keep his advisers involved in the decision making process, he at times makes rash decisions such as the disowning of Cordelia (I.i.113-116), the dividing of his kingdom between Goneril and Regan (I.i.127-138), and the banishing of his best and most loyal advisor Kent (I.i.173-178). By the end of Act I Lear seems impotent. He is no longer the powerful King of England. He is no longer recognized as King. Goneril has instructed her servant Oswald to â€Å"[p]ut on what weary negligence you please† (I.iii.12) toward Lear. When the once powerful Lear asks Oswald â€Å"Who am I, sir?† (I.iv.78) the servant insolently replies â€Å"My lady's father† (I.iv.79) enraging Lear that a servant should treat him not as king, but as the father of the servant's lady. His power, status, and social standing have collapsed. As a father Lear doesn't fare much better than he did as king. At the play's beginning he is an all-powerful patriarch and expects everyone to completely agree with and cater to his every whim. In many ways he is like a spoiled child. He seeks and demands constant, undivided attention. Lear solicits affection from his daughters â€Å"[w]hich of you shall we say doth love us most,† (I.i.51). When the attention is positive and according to his wishes he exhibits an almost childlike happiness. Although it is evident Goneril and Regan are engaging in hyperbole, Lear is pleased and rewards his two elder daughters with one third of England each. When he asks his favorite daughter Cordelia how much she loves him he is disappointed with her answer and throws a tantrum, â€Å"[h]ere I disclaim all my paternal care† (I.i.113). By the end of the first act Lear's demands have not changed. When Goneril argues with him and complains about the behavior of his knights, Lear has another fit of anger and runs away from Goneril to Regan as if he were a schoolboy running away from home. He no longer is the proud father of three daughters, but has banished Cordelia, angered and run away from Goneril, and pins his hopes on his middle daughter Regan. When Act I ends Lear is no longer the center of social attention. When he first appears on stage the stage directions indicate that a flourish is sounded and Lear enters with his three daughters, his two sons-in-law and an unspecified number of attendants. In the final scene his presence is not announced with a flourish. His daughters and sons-in-law are not present. Lear's only attendants are the banished Kent (disguised as Caius) and Lear's jester known only as â€Å"Fool.† Lear is not alone in his foolish behavior toward his children. Gloucester behaves similarly to Lear. He is used to his power and makes rash, unwise decisions. When the play opens Gloucester appears to be somewhat ashamed of his second son, Edmund who is a bastard for he keeps him away from court, â€Å"he hath been out nine years, and away he shall again† (I.i.32-33). Gloucester's older son Edgar is clearly his favorite. Yet he is quick to believe Edmund when Edmund plots against Gloucester. Edgar clearly mirrors Goneril, as Gloucester is quick to believe the false accusations made by Edmund and force Edgar into hiding. Edgar also mirrors Kent in that he returns in Act II dressed as Poor Tom of Bedlam. As Tom Edgar accompanies his father and helps him just as Kent helps Lear. Cordelia's status changes greatly in the first act. Initially she was Lear's favorite daughter. She went from a highly sought after bride-to-be with a large dowry to a woman with no dowry who is refused by the Duke Burgundy and accepted, without dowry by the King of France. When she refuses to kowtow to Lear with false praise her status is destroyed. Although she clear loves her father she is banished and forced to leave England. By the end of Act I Lear is no longer the proud, powerful King of England. By his own hand he has destroyed his kingdom and his family. Shakespeare has stripped Lear of his armor and has exposed Lear with all of his vulnerabilities and foibles. By removing the old order in the first act, Shakespeare provides a vehicle for the readers and members of the audience to explore the real nature of the characters behind the facades each character displays in public life when the play begins. Each of the characters will reveal his or her true nature throughout the remainder of the play. These revelations provide the tension and the interest of King Lear. Works Cited The Tragedy of King Lear. The Riverside Shakespeare. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 1974. 1255-1295.   

Basel III Is A Global Standard Of Banking Regulation. Do You Think

Basel III Is A Global Standard Of Banking Regulation. Do You Think Basel III Is A Global Standard Of Banking Regulation. Do You Think That Basel III Can Make The – Coursework Example Basel III: A global standard of banking regulation Basel III is a global standard of banking regulation Basel III is the result of global financial crisis happened in 2008, where it gives a chance to a basic reformation of the risk and regulation perspective within the international financial market. In this regard, the BCBS (Basel Committee on Banking Supervision) has cooperatively developed a new framework in order to reinforce the liquidity and capital regulations internationally for endorsing a robust baking industry, named as Basel III (Greenley, Kelly, Forgarty, & Dutta, 2011). It initiated a conceptual alteration in the liquidity and capital principles. It has become the requirement of firms that are competing on the global basis, and are exposed to the financial and regulatory risks seen in the financial crisis of 2008. However, this framework provides a solution to many issues existing in the contemporary banking industry, but still it raises some implementation concerns tha t are significant for its application. Among these concerns, the most important issue is its regulatory effect, where many economies face issues in obtaining the adequate level of liquid assets in money market for complying with the new conditions, such as in South Africa. Another problem is regarding the calibration of the new agenda, as the banks have obtained assistance from the government during the financial crisis, so it would be insufficient for depending only the bank’s information (Willink, 2011). In addition, the central bank’s role should also be taken into the account, as this bank can generate liquidity conditions any time, so the requirement of securing an extra liquidity would be an injustice for banks. It would result in inadvertent outcomes. This implementation would also affect the central bank’s role in applying the monetary policy. Moreover, such new liquidity regulations would be difficult to apply because of spending short time finance for liquidity in banks (Bech & Keister, 2012 ). Thus, it is of high significance to manage and apply the Basel III wisely for circumventing supervisory arbitrage and other issues. ReferencesBech, M., & Keister, T. (2012 ). On the liquidity coverage ratio and monetary policy Implementation. BIS Quarterly Review, 1-7.Greenley, J., Kelly, H., Forgarty, M., & Dutta, S. (2011). Basel III: Issues and Implications. New York: KPMG International Cooperative .Tarullo, D. (2011). Regulating Systemically Important Financial Firms. Washington DC: Speech at the Peter G Peterson Institute for International economics .Willink, N. (2011). Basel III: a roadmap to better banking regulation and supervision. FSI High level meeting on the new Framework to Strenghten Financial Stability and Regulatory Priorities. Russia: St Petersburg.

Aisha Rapant Essays (424 words) - African-American Literature

Aisha Rapant Essays (424 words) - African-American Literature Aisha Rapant Capsule 1 Song of Solomon Flipped Meanings Throughout centuries, the colors black and white have been used in literature to signify differences in situations and characters. Typically, black represents darkness, sadness, and evil, while white represents lightness, innocence, truth, and overall good. In Song of Solomon, Toni Morrison represents the two colors differently, making you understand the significance of the story. Black is considered normality, and white almost always is lead to something terrible. The characters, themselves, even represent this idea. It is very much prevalent in The Seven Days. This is a formed hate group of black men, whom the idea of whites killing blacks infuriates them so much that they reciprocate, and punish the white person the same way. To them, the same hateful acts and violence are deemed worse than if a black person initially committed it. It's not the act of violence that is seen as infuriating, it's the fact that it's coming from a white person. This sort of thought is also seen briefly through Guitar's interactions after the saw mill accident with his father. The mill's white foreman offers the family almost no sympathy or financial support. There's a general hatred seen towards the man after. Also, I see significance in Milkman's name as well. Even though his name represents purity and simplicity, him as an individual is self-centered and very materialistic, going along with the luxurious life he's lived. In addition to the characters, animals are directly related to the symbol of whiteness. Both the white bull and peacock had not so pure meaning behind them. First of all, the bull created the fate of Freddie's mother, whom died giving birth to him as she saw a police officer walking towards her that eventually turned into the white bull. The encounters between the divided subject in the book make whites seem powerful, and not in a good way. Finally, there was the incident with Milkman, Guitar, and the white peacock. Chasing, and wanting to catch this bird was a straight reference to the books epigraph, "The fathers may soar and the children may know their names." The peacock is all fancied-up; not allowing it to take flight. In this book, flight means freedom. This mainly relates to Milkman, when Guitar states, "Too much tail. All that jewelry weighs it down. Like vanity. Can't nobody fly with all that shit. Wanna fly, you got to give up the shit that weighs you down (179)."Morris on, Toni.Song of Solomon. New York: Penguin Books, 1987.

Human-wk2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human-wk2 - Essay Example According to Reeve (2009) will is the part of the mind that does the thinking, planning and intentions before action is taken. This means to me that we have to acknowledge the place that will has in what we do. I feel that I have a strong will to achieve. I also believe that drive is very important when you are going through any situation. For me, drive is important as I go through my education because sometimes it seems overwhelming. My drive comes from the fact that I want to see my children grow up and have a fulfilling life. Freuds Drive Theory suggests that we are all motivated to do things in order to satisfy our needs (Reeve, 2009). The mini-theory that I would apply to my goal is the goal-setting theory. According to this theory, different goals motivate us in different ways and you will approach goals differently depending on what you want. Freuds theory was not scientifically testable and he did not go far enough for factors that related to learning and experience. He also did not understand that drive was more than bodily needs. However, the goal setting theory expands it to let us know that there is more to life than only what we see. The mini-theory also helps with the will theory because it takes it beyond an understanding that Descartes saw and makes it a more tangible outcome. My friend decided that the person to be saved would be the one year old. The explanation that they gave was the fact that the five year old had already lived awhile and the one year old had not. In order to save only one in this tragedy, they would save the most vulnerable which to them was the one year old. In a sense, it would be very difficult for anyone to allow one child to die and let another live in a situation like this because the first answer is always, "I would save them both." Some people cannot even fathom not being able to save both children. In

Law, Social and Ethical Responsibilities in Business Essay

Law, Social and Ethical Responsibilities in Business - Essay Example As we continued walking, we met a friend of ours. We asked him if he saw our POI and he informed us that he was in church. We went to the church which was some distance away from school. As we went our way and crossed the busy street, an idea came up in the mind of Y. She suggested that a message be sent to the Supreme Student Council (SSC) informing them that we were hit by a car while crossing the street. The idea hatched and we hoped we could enjoy the joke. After that, I dropped the phone in my pocket, making-believe that something has happened to the three of us. The mobile phone in my pocket kept ringing and ringing but I didn't notice it because we were so engaged in laughing while walking, imagining how the Supreme Student council would be rattled. Then I noticed the phone ringing, but before I could answer, I composed myself that I may act as though I were really scared. In my conversation with the caller, I noticed that his voice was nervous and I continued acting, like crying at the same time talking in a confused manner, telling him where we were. I laughed a little in between my sobs but he didn't notice. So, perfect! We did it! They ran barefoot to our place: the senators, our PIO, our Internal Affairs Officer. Shockingly, Prof. F, who was tabulating the game results, was disturbed by the news that he heard and hurriedly moved to keep away his things. In the process, he hurriedly closed his laptop computer which eventually fell hard on the cement floor. Meanwhile, we got ready for we were sure they would be looking for us. While on our way, our Vice President got his phone and began calling Dr. Jane, our Faculty Adviser. She was very busy printing the certificates for winners that time, but alarmed by the news, she began calling someone near the supposed accident site to contact an ambulance, but to no avail. There was misinformation between the SSC Officers. I already told one of the officers that my two companions were in an ambulance but he failed to tell the VP. One fellow senator continued running, but while he was on his way, he noticed why there were none among the people looking alarmed and no ambulance was in sight as I had told him. When he came to where we were, he was very angry and he felt betrayed as he saw us walking and laughing without the wounds I had reported. He threatened to kick us out of the Council, where he initiated a Council Resolution afterwards for our expulsion from the Council. After the other officers came to know that we were only joking, they got very angry and our VP told us that we had to explain to our Adviser, Dr. Jane, and the tabulator why we did what we did. Although earlier, the whole thing was nothing to Dr. Jane but child play, she began to see the whole thing in a different light when Prof. F, the tabulator, began to pester her for payment of the fallen laptop at $740 on account of the mischief of the students. The new laptop was on memorandum receipt (MR) issued to him by the State University and he wouldn't be able to be cleared of obligations by the end of the semester when he asks for clearance. The question is who is responsible for paying for

Trademark Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Trademark - Assignment Example Identifying trademark-offending companies is not an easier task. This is because it can only be done by technologically advanced modes of comparing the quality of the products of the same company’s logos by the consumers. Dinwoodie and Janis (2008) note that trademark-offending companies have been on the rise, which has either increased or reduced the costs associated with various goods and services (Dinwoodie & Janis 2008). This calls for the identification of the complaints consumers raise about trademark-offending companies to reduce the increasingly burdensome business domains in the analgesics and financial market structures. An email, like written letters, merits copyrights protection. Copying and forwarding emails violates a sender’s copyrights with a prima facie case for copyright infringement. This issue can only be mitigated through a well-established cyber-crime control laws (Dinwoodie & Janis, 2008). In conclusion, consumers are more likely to face challenges in establishing the origin, sponsorship or the approval of the gripe site created by the trademark-offending companies due to lack of a better understanding of the original companies’ logos. Customers usually confuse counterfeit logos with the original companies’ symbols. Therefore, they should also not be blamed for tarnishing the company’s name. Additionally, they cannot be held responsible by the Federal Trademark Dilution act as they do these actions only as patriotic citizens and concerned

Pythagoras Theorem and Financial polynomials Essay Example for Free

Pythagoras Theorem and Financial polynomials Essay Ahmed and Vanessa have interest in locating a treasure, which is buried. It is my responsibility to help the two locate it. First, I will help them locate it by the use of Pythagorean quadratic. As per Ahmed’s half, the treasure is buried in the desert (2x + 6) paces form the Castle Rock while as per Vanessa’s half she has to walk (x) paces to the north then walk (2x + 4) paces to the east. According to the Pythagorean theorem, every right angled triangle with length (a) and (b) as well as a hypotenuse (c), has a relationship of (a2 + b2 = c2) (Larson Hostetler, 2009).                  In Ahmed and Vanessa’s case, I will let a=x, b =2x+4 and then c=2x+6. To follow, will be my efforts to put the measurements above into the real Pythagoras theorem equation as follows: X2+ (2x+4)2=(2x+6)2 this is the equation formed out of the Pythagoras Theorem X2+42+16x+16 = 42+ 24x+36 are the binomials squared x2 42 on both sides can be subtracted out. X2+16x+16 = 24x +36 subtract 16x from both sides X2+16 = 8x+36 now subtract 36 from both sides X2-20 = 8x X2-8x-20=0 I will use to solve the function by factoring using the zero factor. (x-) (x+) the coefficient of x2 Application and selection from the following (-2, 10: -10,2: -5,4; -4, -5) In this case, it seems that I am going to use -10 and 2 is as per how the expression looks like this (x-10)(x+2)=0 X-10=0 or x+2=0 creation of a complex equation x=10 or x=-2 these are the two probable resolutions to this equation.                     One of the two calculated solutions is an extraneous solutions, as it do not work with such sceneries. The remaining solution I only have is (X=10) as the number of paces Ahmed and Vanessa have to accomplish to find the lost treasure. As a result the treasure is 10 paces to the north 2x+4 connect the 10, now its 2(10)+4=24 paces to the east of Castle Rock, or 2x+6= 2(10)+6=26 paces from Castle Rock. Financial polynomial                   For the case of financial polynomials, I have first to write the polynomial without the parenthesis. Following the above, I have to solve for p= 2000 + r = 10% for part A and then solve for p= $5670 + r = 3.5% for part B, without the parenthesis as follows: P + P r + P r2/4 (the original polynomial) to reach this I followed the following steps: (1 + r/2)2 This is because it looks as if it is foil P(1 + r/2) P (1+r/2)(1+r/2) After the two equations I combine like terms. Because I am multiplying by 2 on r/2, it cancels out both 2’s and I then get left with is r as follows; P(1+ r/2 + r/2 + r2/4) P(1 + 2(r/2) + r2/4) I then write in descending order (P + Pr + Pr2) To solve for P=2000 and r=10% the following follows; P + Pr + Pr2/4 2000 + 2000 Ãâ€"(0.10) +2000Ãâ€" 0.1024 2000 + 200 + 5 = $2205 P(1+ r/2)2 2000Ãâ€"( 1 + .10)2 2000Ãâ€"(1.05)2 2000Ãâ€"( 1.1025) = $2205 For part B I will solve for P=5670 and r= 3.5% P + Pr + P Ãâ€"(r2/4) 5670 + 5670Ãâ€" (0.035) + 5670 Ãâ€" 0.0352 5670 + 198.45 + 1.7364375 = 5870.1864375 This is approximately ($5870.19) The problem 70 on page 311 has the following steps; (-93 + 32 – 15x) à · (-3x) The Dividend is (-93 + 32 – 15x), and the Divisor is (-3x). The Dividend is (-93 + 32 – 15x), and the Divisor is (-3x). -93 + 32 15x -3xAfter I divide -9 by -3 which equals +3. The x on the bottom cancels the x from the top. -93 + 32 – 15x -3x -3x -3x -9* x*x* x I am now left with 32 for the first part of the polynomial. -3 * x -9*x *x * x -3 * x I first divide 3 by -3, which equals -1 and the x from the bottom cancels out one of the x’s from the top. -93 + 32 – 15x -3x -3x -3x 3 *x *x At this point I am left with -1x, which simplifies to just –x, as the second part of the polynomial. Then -3 *x 3 *x * x -3 * x Then I divide -15 by -3, which equals positive 5, and the x on the bottom cancels out the x on the top, so you do not have any x’s to carry onto the answer of the equation. -93 + 32 – 15x -3x -3x -3x -15 *x At this point I am left with only 5 for the last part of the polynomial, and the answer is 32 – x + 5. -3 * x -15 * x -3 * x                   The negative sign from the -3 x changes the plus sign in the equation to a minus sign, it changes the minus sign to a plus sign in the final answer, and the equation is in Descending order. Reference Larson, R., Hostetler, R. P. (2009). Elementary and intermediate algebra. Boston, Mass: Houghton Mifflin Source document

Ulysses S. Grant :: Biography Biographies Essays

Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses Simpson Grant, (1822-1885), American general and 18th President of the United States. Grant, the most capable of the Union generals during the Civil War, was a master strategist. He won the first major Union victories. President Abraham Lincoln staunchly defended him against critics and promoted him to command all Union forces. Grant accepted Gen. Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House. However, Grant had no disposition for political leadership, and as president (1869-1877) he scarcely attempted to control events. He made injudicious appointments to public office, and official corruption tainted his administration, although Grant himself was not involved in the peculations. Grant was born in Point Pleasant, Ohio, on April 27, 1822, and baptized Hiram Ulysses. The eldest son of Jesse Root Grant and Hannah Simpson Grant, he came from a family that, he proudly declared, had been American "for generations, in all its branches, direct and collateral." In 1823 his father moved his tanning business to Georgetown, Ohio, where "Lyss" spent his boyhood. His education at a grammar school in Georgetown, at Maysville Seminary in Maysville, Ky., and at the Presbyterian Academy of Ripley, Ohio, was superficial and repetitious, and the boy showed no scholarly bent. He became noted, however, for his sturdy self-reliance and for his ability to ride and control even the wildest horses. MILITARY LIFE In 1839, Jesse Grant secured for his son an appointment to the U. S. Military Academy. When he arrived at West Point he learned that he was on the muster roll as Ulysses Simpson Grant, through an error of the congressman who had nominated him. Finding it impossible to change this official listing, Grant accepted the inevitable and dropped Hiram from his name. "A military life had no charms for me," Grant said later, and his only purpose at the academy was "to get through the course, secure a detail for a few years as assistant professor of mathematics at the Academy, and afterwards obtain a permanent position as professor at some respectable college." Understandably, his West Point record was not spectacular. In 1843 he graduated in the middle of his class (21st in a class of 39), was commissioned brevet 2d lieutenant, assigned to the 4th U. S. Infantry, and sent to Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis, Mo. There he began to learn his army duties and, even more important, met his future wife, Julia Dent, sister of a West Point classmate. Ulysses S. Grant :: Biography Biographies Essays Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses Simpson Grant, (1822-1885), American general and 18th President of the United States. Grant, the most capable of the Union generals during the Civil War, was a master strategist. He won the first major Union victories. President Abraham Lincoln staunchly defended him against critics and promoted him to command all Union forces. Grant accepted Gen. Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House. However, Grant had no disposition for political leadership, and as president (1869-1877) he scarcely attempted to control events. He made injudicious appointments to public office, and official corruption tainted his administration, although Grant himself was not involved in the peculations. Grant was born in Point Pleasant, Ohio, on April 27, 1822, and baptized Hiram Ulysses. The eldest son of Jesse Root Grant and Hannah Simpson Grant, he came from a family that, he proudly declared, had been American "for generations, in all its branches, direct and collateral." In 1823 his father moved his tanning business to Georgetown, Ohio, where "Lyss" spent his boyhood. His education at a grammar school in Georgetown, at Maysville Seminary in Maysville, Ky., and at the Presbyterian Academy of Ripley, Ohio, was superficial and repetitious, and the boy showed no scholarly bent. He became noted, however, for his sturdy self-reliance and for his ability to ride and control even the wildest horses. MILITARY LIFE In 1839, Jesse Grant secured for his son an appointment to the U. S. Military Academy. When he arrived at West Point he learned that he was on the muster roll as Ulysses Simpson Grant, through an error of the congressman who had nominated him. Finding it impossible to change this official listing, Grant accepted the inevitable and dropped Hiram from his name. "A military life had no charms for me," Grant said later, and his only purpose at the academy was "to get through the course, secure a detail for a few years as assistant professor of mathematics at the Academy, and afterwards obtain a permanent position as professor at some respectable college." Understandably, his West Point record was not spectacular. In 1843 he graduated in the middle of his class (21st in a class of 39), was commissioned brevet 2d lieutenant, assigned to the 4th U. S. Infantry, and sent to Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis, Mo. There he began to learn his army duties and, even more important, met his future wife, Julia Dent, sister of a West Point classmate.

Censorship in Literature and Music Essay -- Censoring Laws Essays

Censorship in Literature and Music What is censorship? An encyclopedia defines censorship as "the control of what people may say or hear, write or read, or see or do1." There are many reasons why people censor entertainment such as literature and music. Many governments or groups try to preserve their standards of morality by preventing people from learning about or following other standards2, commonly found in the two previously mentioned mediums. There are different ways to censor things. It can be on a local level, such as libraries refusing to carry a controversial book. It can also be on an entirely larger scale. In the 1770’s, French author Beaumarchais had two of his plays, The Barber of Seville and The Marriage of Figaro, banned by King Louis XVI.2 Back then, these plays were considered outrageous and sometimes blasphemous. To fully understand how our system of censorship works today, we have to look into history to see how censorship got started. Johann Gutenberg invented the moveable type printing press and published his first bible sometime around 1450. By 1500, an estimated 20 million books were circulating throughout Europe. The Church's monopoly over the written word was destroyed. Responding to this new technology of freedom, the Church developed a number of control mechanisms. The most obvious, and perhaps famous of these was the Index librorum prohibitum (Index of Prohibited Books). The Index listed hundreds of banned authors and books.3 Less famous than the Index but absolutely central to the rise of censorship, was Church and government use of exclusive printing privileges, which granted favored printers a monopoly right to publish books so long as they were approved by official censors4. In Italy, censorship was primarily a response to the spread of printed Protestant propaganda.5 On October 31, 1517, the Day of all Saints, Martin Luther posted his 95 statements, of theses, to the doors of a church. This was revolutionary, because nobody ever successfully questioned the Church’s authority. Soon after that, others began to follow his example. Eventually, the Church lost power over people’s daily lives. Their local and national government took its place as the authority leader. As the government’s grew, it eventually started monitoring what the public could be exposed to. This included music and books. Eventually, in the 20th c... ... Bibliography Webpage Hunter, Christopher D.. "Copyright and Culture" 03 Dec. 2002 "An Interview with Alex Domokos" Dowse 03 Dec. 2002 http://www.dowse.com/interview-alex-domokos.html Nuzum, Eric. "A Brief History of Banned Music in the United States" 03 Dec. 2002 http://ericnuzum.com/banned/ "Controversial Music: The Beat Goes On" 03 Dec. 2002 http://teenmusic.about.com/library/weekly/aa022301a.htm "The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990-2000" American Library Association. 03 Dec. 2002 http://www.ala.org/bbooks/top100bannedbooks.html Blume, Judy. "Judy Blume Talks about Censorship" 09 Dec. 2002 http://www.judyblume.com/censors.html "Censorship in the Renaissance" 13 Dec. 2002 http://130.238.50.3/ilmh/Ren/bokt-censor.htm "Constitutional Amendments 1-10: The Bill of Rights " 02 Jan. 2003 http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/charters_of_freedom/bill_of_rights/amendments_1-10.html Anne, Rapin. "Beaumarchais" 31 Jan. 2003 Books Marsh, Dave. 50 Ways to Fight Censorship & Important Facts to Know About the Censors. New York, NY: Thunder's Mouth Press, 1991. Encyclopedia "Censorship." The World Book Encyclopedia. 1989 ed.

Evaluating Compensation Strategies Essay

Within this business report, I have analyzed three different employee compensation strategies that I feel could be well executed within our organization. Employee compensation is key to recognizing and rewarding our employees for their performance and contributions to the overall company’s success. Because it is a signficiant factor, we need to carefully evaluate the three options in my report. Compensating our employees using the base salary approach is a well accepted strategy. This approach provides for a set salary that employees will earn based on their job coding. Factors such as merit or tenure will have no impact on someone’s base salary. This is a stable compensation strategy leveraged within similar organizations and an approach most employees feel comfortable with as it’s very cut and dry. The downside of using this approach is that there is little room for growth and salary increases and which can be de-motivating. Performance-based compensation is quite a popular and also another well accepted strategy. In this strategy, employees have direct control over how much they are paid. Having control really helps to motivate employees to work harder and achieve new financial goals and maximize their own income. Having an organization that is a high performing organization helps to make an organization more competitive. The downside of this approach is that you create a more competitive environment that may impact employee-to-employee relations. Lastly, I reviewed a longevity-based salary strategy. In this strategy, compensation is strictly based on an employee’s length of service, seniority or tenure. There are different ways this pay can be administered. Employees can get an annual bonuses based on their employment anniversary date or monthly bonus amounts added to their take-home pay that would reflect their length of service. This type of strategy encourages employees to remain loyal employees in an organization. The immediate downside to this approach is that employees aren’t motivated to achieve more or produce increased quality work since it’s more about time put in vs. quality. After reviewing the three strategies outlined above, I am recommending that we move forward and implement a performance-based compensation strategy for our employees. This strategy will create a workforce of highly motivated, performers that are excited and engaged to succeed. Employees will be excited to ramp up their income and their excitement and achievements will help support the company’s goal of increased profit. If our company has highly driven employees focused on producing quality work, the company will benefit in the short term and long term. Introduction The Human Resources department was asked to research possible compensation strategies for our manufacturing organization. I’ve created a report that shares my research and findings for three different compensation strategies: Performance-Based Compensation, Salary Compensation and Longevity Compensation. In my report, I have compared these strategies, pointing out where they are different including the pros and cons to each strategy in order to determine the best approach for the 120 total employees on our payroll. Compensation is a key factor that impacts employee satisfaction while also having a direct influence on how successful the overall organization can be. I’ve conducted thorough research on this topic so that the management team can have a more robust understanding of these three strategies and to decide on a strategy to implement. My research below will start with salary compensation which can easily be defined as a set monetary amount that an employee receives for the work that they do based on their specific job classification/coding only. I’ll follow that with performance-based compensation which pays and rewards employees based on their individual performance which allows for individual growth. Lastly I’ll provide research on longevity pay which focuses on additional pay or wage adjustments based solely on an employee’s length of service. It is crucial to understand each of these strategies and how they will impact our organization if they were to be implemented. Research Findings I’ve completed extensive research on various compensation strategies within similar types of organizations and have arrived at three specific strategies that our organization should consider adopting:  ·Salary Compensation  ·Performance-Based Compensation  ·Longevity-Based Compensation 1.Salary General salary compensation refers to an amount of money that you pay an employee for the work they do without consideration for quantity or quality of the work performed (Entrepreneur Media, Inc., 2013). By law, employers must compensate employees for work that is completed. If an employee is compensated by a salary, employees are compensated differently from those that may have an hourly compensation rate. Employees that are hourly employees get paid based on a rate multiplied by the number of hours that they work. When they work over and above the amount of hours for the day/week, they receive extra, additional compensation (Grace, 2012). In contrast, a salary compensated employee gets paid the same salary, a fixed amount of money and is not impacted by the amount of hours an employee works. Salaried employees are not required to keep track of the hours they are working because they do not quality for nor are they paid for any overtime. They are expected to complete their work regardless of the amount of time it takes them. Employees who are paid a salary are given the expectations that they need to complete the entire job in order to earn their compensation. This compensation differs from both hourly paid employees or performance-based paid employees. Employees are able to really count on this compensation and a consistent pay strategy is important to retaining good employees (Ojimba, 2004). Analysis – Employees that are compensated through a salaried compensation strategy have a very stable compensation to rely on. There are no real surprises or swings in the amount of money an employee receives. Compensation is not impacted by the quality of the work produced or the quantity produced. Employees would have the opportunity to budget themselves or at least have a decent time predicting what type of income they can expect since it will always be the same without much changing from year to year. This strategy may allow for employees to develop the impression and mindset that they don’t have to do more or produce increased quality work. They could take away that what they are doing today is enough and not strive to help the company with increase sales or various other goals. 2.Performance-based A performance-based strategy is become a trend in today’s organizations and leveraged as a way to incent employees to strive to increase their production or improve the quality of their work. Why would an employee want to do that? Because they are financially incented to do so! All companies need to remain competitive and control internal costs and budgets. Performance-based compensation really partners with an organization to do just that. This type of strategy is really attractive because they are friendlier to corporate budgets than other methods of compensation. Pay increase are only given out at designated times during the year so budgeting in advance is easier, etc. If production and quality goals aren’t met, money goes back into the budget for the next possible review period (Fox Lawson & Associates, n.d.). Additionally, strategy helps to provide a win-win situation for both the company and the employees when properly administered and rolled out and the structure really can help to motivate employees to work harder and that benefits them and the company both. When developing this type of strategy, reasonable goals and performance incentives would need to be developed. In today’s environment it would be wise to tie pay to performance as a way to accelerate employee output. This approach is a very common way for organizations to increase productivity and influence potentially a more competitive environment with employees always striving to do more and therefore earn more. Performance-based compensation programs also help retain top performers, better align labor costs with productivity and reinforce the company’s objectives (Richter, 2002). You attract a different level of employee with this approach. For employees to be successful and feel happy in this type of structure though they need to have a desire for more pay, have confidence they will receive more pay if they improve or increase their individual performance and trust that the organization will administer the policy and compensation plan fairly across the board. Studies have consistently shown the recognition for a job well done is the top motivator of employee performance (Dorf, 2011). Analysis – Though research it is clear that this type of approach includes many benefits both to the employee and to the organization. Creating a more motivated workforce that is focused on a goal to provide quality production benefits everyone. If our employees can see that their performance directly impacts their personal bottom line they will become more focused, work harder and constantly push their peers to meet them at that level. Job security has to be considered here too – a company with this type of approach is more streamlined and efficient creating a more competitive organization and helping to protect and preserve the company and its reputation. 3.Longevity-based Longevity-based compensation is a compensation strategy that more mirrors a type of contract where the employer will pay the employee a compensation based on their length of service or seniority. In researching this approach, many companies offer many different types of strategy around this. Each organization up front provides a document or â€Å"contract† to the employee that outlines this system specific to their organization. These types of documents include things like the dollar amount to be paid or the percentage of increase based on years of service. Information is also included on the schedule of payment so that employees really know what to expect. Employees see this type of strategy as a way of paying for their loyalty as an employee – a way of giving them their due for sticking with them (wiseGEEK, n.d.). Typically with this approach the adjustment made is often in the form of a percentage of the employee’s annual salary or rate of pay. Based on why the amount is given it becomes clear that an employer is recognizing their time and loyalty to the overall organization. The real problem with this specific approach is that you essentially are awarding someone just for being on staff or holding down their position for yet another year (Agency Management Roundtable, 2012). Analysis – I think this type of compensation program may have made sense for employees that may be â€Å"Baby Boomers† as loyalty was crucial and something employees really set out to demonstrate, but not something that is realistic in today’s environment. While rewarding employees for their â€Å" time served† there is no real focus on the quality of their work during that time nor is there any reward for their contributions or added value.

Free Essays on Stalin And The Terror

Josef Stalin’s use of mass murder and extermination was perhaps the most horrific act in history. His complete disregard for human life was basically unmatched by any other dictator in history. He covered the entire country of Russia in a blanket of fear, the fear that their life could be taken at any moment for having the slightest connection to anything that Stalin disliked. Maybe it was a greed for power and control, maybe it was racism and bloodlust, but either way, its effects were devastating to the country. There could be various motivations for Stalin’s use of terror. But perhaps the most obvious or most sensible is plainly his lust for power. He would seem to go to any length to gain as much power as possible. This is best stated by document 3, when it says, â€Å"†¦he was determined to be in a position of absolute control, ruling as an autocrat with no restraints of any kind.† He simply wanted complete control, at any costs. There was nothing that he wasn’t willing to do to reach the goal. The terror and murder seems to have been very widespread. The constant threat of being exterminated for any reason kind of crippled the entire country. This is best proof of this comes from document 7 when it states, â€Å"What is sometimes neglected by those of us who never faced such things, is the extreme intensity with which the terror bore down not only upon its victims but upon the population as a whole.† This makes it quite clear that this mass murder had an effect on everyone. Not just those directly involved in the terror. It The Soviet Union reacted very passively to Stalin’s terror. The country had a history of being weak in the face of any exerted governmental power, which is basically summed up in document 11. Also, simply the fact that so many people were allowed to be killed is a testament to this idea. Millions and Millions were exterminated before anything was done. That shows how they reacted to Stalin. ... Free Essays on Stalin And The Terror Free Essays on Stalin And The Terror Josef Stalin’s use of mass murder and extermination was perhaps the most horrific act in history. His complete disregard for human life was basically unmatched by any other dictator in history. He covered the entire country of Russia in a blanket of fear, the fear that their life could be taken at any moment for having the slightest connection to anything that Stalin disliked. Maybe it was a greed for power and control, maybe it was racism and bloodlust, but either way, its effects were devastating to the country. There could be various motivations for Stalin’s use of terror. But perhaps the most obvious or most sensible is plainly his lust for power. He would seem to go to any length to gain as much power as possible. This is best stated by document 3, when it says, â€Å"†¦he was determined to be in a position of absolute control, ruling as an autocrat with no restraints of any kind.† He simply wanted complete control, at any costs. There was nothing that he wasn’t willing to do to reach the goal. The terror and murder seems to have been very widespread. The constant threat of being exterminated for any reason kind of crippled the entire country. This is best proof of this comes from document 7 when it states, â€Å"What is sometimes neglected by those of us who never faced such things, is the extreme intensity with which the terror bore down not only upon its victims but upon the population as a whole.† This makes it quite clear that this mass murder had an effect on everyone. Not just those directly involved in the terror. It The Soviet Union reacted very passively to Stalin’s terror. The country had a history of being weak in the face of any exerted governmental power, which is basically summed up in document 11. Also, simply the fact that so many people were allowed to be killed is a testament to this idea. Millions and Millions were exterminated before anything was done. That shows how they reacted to Stalin. ...

Capital Punishment Is it meeting its objectives essays

Capital Punishment Is it meeting its objectives essays Capital Punishment: Is it meeting its objectives? Is capital punishment meeting its objectives? Capital punishment is being applied to deter crimes that involve homicides and to punish the criminals who commit such crimes. Capital Punishment is not carrying out their intentions in a positive form. On the contrary, Capital Punishment is putting many criminals to rest in ways in which many consider to be an atrocity. Society understands that criminals have to be punished for their crimes, but should they be punished by such crucial means that occasionally give a negative impact to the public. This document will relate to, how the system of capital punishment gives the wrong idea to the public, why evidence shows that deterrence doesnt have a huge role in homicide crimes now in days, how does the system of capital punishment give a negative concept on certain points, how discrimination also applies in the system of capital punishment, how does the system of capital punishment, in a certain way, breaks the rights of humans. This paper will prove that capital punishment is not meeting its goals and objectives. The system of capital punishment gives the wrong idea to the public including the young minds of children. Justice occasionally asks for homicide crimes to be paid for by death, using the phrase paid for, which gives two ideas. One, paying with his or her life as if the criminal is debt with the law stating that it is acceptable to murder a person if the person is in debt with someone. Two, showing a sign of revenge as in saying: Ill make you suffer for that(Hugo 272). Capital Punishment provides, to the eye of the public including children, an idea that revenge is not an evil or terrible action. This idea goes against the morals that parents and society has given to children and to themselves as well. This picture of revenge can cause any person in society to kill another person because of reve...

Committee on Public Information, Americas WWI Propaganda Agency

Committee on Public Information, America's WWI Propaganda Agency The Committee on Public Information was a government agency created during World War I to distribute information intended to influence public opinion to inspire support for Americas entry in the war. The organization was essentially a propaganda arm of the federal government, and was presented to the public and the Congress as a reasonable alternative to government censorship of war news. The administration of Woodrow Wilson believed a government office dedicated to providing favorable publicity for the cause of entering the war was necessary. Americans had never sent an army to Europe. And joining the war on the side of Britain and France was a concept that needed to be sold to the public the way an ordinary consumer product might be sold. Key Takeaways: Committee on Public Information Government propaganda agency was created to convince American public of the necessity of the U.S. entering World War I.Public and Congress believed that the CPI would ensure no censorship of the press, and that reliable information would be provided.Agency provided tens of thousands of public speakers, arranged events to sell bonds and promote the war, created posters, and published booklets.Following the war there was a backlash against the agency, and excesses of war fervor were blamed on it. In its few years of operation, the Committee on Public Information (CPI) fed material to newspapers and magazines, commissioned advertising campaigns, and produced propaganda posters. It even arranged for thousands of public speakers to appear all over the country, making the case for Americans to fight in Europe. Overcoming Skepticism A rationale for creating the CPI, as it became known, was rooted in controversies which arose in 1916, when the U.S. government was becoming increasingly concerned with suspected spies and saboteurs. Woodrow Wilson’s attorney general, Thomas Gregory, proposed controlling the flow of information by censoring the press. Congress resisted that idea, as did newspaper publishers and members of the public. In early 1917, with the issue of censoring the press still being discussed, a magazine writer with a reputation as a crusading muckraker, George Creel, wrote to President Wilson. Creel proposed forming a committee that would provide information to the press. By having the press voluntarily agree to being fed information it would avoid censorship. Forming the Committee Creel’s idea found favor with Wilson and his top advisers, and by executive order Wilson created the committee. Besides Creel, the committee included the Secretary of State, Secretary of War, and Secretary of the Navy (what today would be the Defense Department was still split between Army and Navy departments). The formation of the committee was announced in April 1917. In a front-page story on April 15, 1917, the New York Times reported that the three cabinet secretaries on the committee had sent President Wilson a letter, which was made public. In the letter, the three officials said America’s great present needs are confidence, enthusiasm, and service. The letter also stated: While there is much that is properly secret in connection with the departments of the government, the total is small compared to the vast amounts of information that is right and proper for the people to have. George Creel, head of the United States Committee on Public Information. Time Life Pictures / Getty Images The letter also put forth the idea that two functions, identified as â€Å"censorship and publicity,† could happily coexist. George Creel would be the head of the committee, and could operate as a government censor, but it was assumed that the newspapers would happily accept war news as distributed by the government and would not have to be censored. CPI Key Messages and Techniques Creel quickly got to work. During 1917, the CPI organized a speaker’s bureau, which dispatched more than 20,000 individuals (some accounts give much higher numbers) to give short speeches supporting the American war effort. The speakers became known as The Four-Minute Men for the brevity of their speeches. The effort was successful, and gatherings from club meetings to public performances, soon featured a speaker talking of America’s duty to join the war in Europe. The New York Times, on December 30, 1917, published a story about the Four-Minute Men which indicated how common they had become: â€Å"The work of the Four-Minute Men has recently been extended to that representative speakers appear weekly in almost every moving picture house. The subject matter is prepared and the speaking is directed from Washington†¦ In each state there is an organization of Four-Minute Men. â€Å"The number of speakers now totals 20,000. Their topics are matters of national importance connected with the war plans of the government.† Creel believed the more lurid stories of German atrocities would not be believed by the public. So in the early months of his operation he directed speakers to focus on how Americans would be fighting to support freedom and democracy in the face of German brutishness. By 1918 the CPI was urging its speakers to make use of wartime atrocity stories. One writer, Raymond D. Fosdick, reported seeing a church congregation cheer after a speaker described German atrocities and called for the German leader, Kaiser Wilhelm, to be boiled in oil. On February 4, 1918, the New York Times published a brief news story headlined Bar Hymns of Hate. The article said the CPI had sent out instructions to its Four-Minute Men to tone down extreme material. If Your Soldiers Hit Poster by E.M. Gean Jackson, a film by the Committee on Public Information. swim ink 2 llc  /  Getty Images The CPI also distributed a number of printed materials, beginning with booklets that made the case for war. A news story in June 1917 described the proposed â€Å"War Booklets,† and noted that 20,000 copies would be sent to newspapers nationwide while the Government Printing Office would print many more for general circulation. The first of the War Booklets, titled How the War Came to America, consisted of 32 pages of dense prose. The lengthy essay explained how it had become impossible for America to remain neutral, and that was followed by reprints of speeches by President Wilson. The booklet was not terribly engaging, but it got the official message out in a handy package for public circulation. More lively material was put out by the CPI’s Division of Pictorial Publicity. Posters produced by the office encouraged Americans, through the use of vivid illustrations, to work in war-related industries and buy war bonds. Controversies In the summer of 1917, newspaper publishers were shocked to learn the government had directed the companies controlling transatlantic telegraph traffic to divert cables to the CPI in Washington to be reviewed before they were routed to the newspaper offices. After an outcry, the practice was stopped, but it would be cited as an example of how Creel and his organization had a tendency to overstep. Creel, for his part, was known for having a bad temper, and often put himself into controversies. He insulted members of Congress, and was forced to apologize. And no less a public figure than Theodore Roosevelt, the former president, criticized the CPI. He claimed the agency had been trying to punish newspapers which had supported America entering the conflict but then had become skeptical of the administration’s conduct of the war. In May 1918, the New York Times published a lengthy story headlined Creel as a Recurrent Storm Centre. The article detailed various controversies Creel had found himself in. A sub-headline read: How the Governments Publicity Man Has Shown Himself an Adept at Getting Into Hot Water With the Congress and the Public. During the war the American public did become infused with a patriotic fervor, and that led to excesses, such as German-Americans being targeted for harassment and even violence. Critics believed official CPI booklets such as German War Practices were incitements. But George Creel and other defenders of the CPI, pointing out that private groups were also distributing propaganda materials, insisted the less responsible organizations had inspired any bad behavior. Impact of the Committee’s Work Theres no question that Creel and his committee had an impact. Americans came around to support intervention in the war, and participated widely in supporting the effort. The success of war bond drives, known as the Liberty Loan, was often attributed to the CPI. Yet the CPI came in for much criticism after the war, when it became clear that information had been manipulated. In addition, the war fervor stoked by Creel and his committee may have had an influence on events following the war, particularly the Red Scare of 1919 and the notorious Palmer Raids. George Creel wrote a book, How We Advertised America, in 1920. He defended his work during the war, and he continued to work as a writer and political operative until his death in 1953. Sources: The Creel Committee. American Decades, edited by Judith S. Baughman, et al., vol. 2: 1910-1919, Gale, 2001. Gale Virtual Reference Library.George Creel. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 4, Gale, 2004, pp. 304-305. Gale Virtual Reference Library.