Parental Factors Essay Example for Free

Parental Factors Essay Parenting factors range from diet and nutrition, relationship with parental figures, tight schedules of working parents, early parenthood, kinship care, foster care, child abuse and neglect (Michigan Non Profit Association, 2002, p3-4). Diet and Nutrition has played a very important role most specially on the developing stage of a children’s life. The lack of proper nutrition has a significant effect on proper behavior. The deficiencies on iron, iodine, and other protein rich food could have a negative effect on the child’s development, and on the long run, on its behavior (Shonkoff, 2001) and Grantham-McGregor et al (2000) as cited from (Michigan Non Profit Association, 2002). Parents who also deal with their children based on fear poses a negative effect as well on their social development. More specifically, parents who are too stern, give punishments that are too unsympathetic and in some other cases establishes inconsistent rules of punishment has a bad effect on their children Hastings et al (2000) and UNICEF et al (1993) as cited from (Michigan Non Profit Association, 2002). In relation with this, parents who are too occupied with work tend to overlook the needs of their children. Another case would be with regard to teenage parents. More often than not, single mothers tend to be immature due to the lack of proper education and also the difficulty of earning a living. In some cases, children who ended up being raised on family relatives, foster care facilities and the likes also have a greater tendency of developing challenging behaviors (Michigan Non Profit Association, 2002).

Possible Explanation of Kierkegaard’s Reasoning :: Essays Papers

Possible Explanation of Kierkegaard’s Reasoning As some philosophers suggest, an individual may only know what he knows through experience. What is sensed equals what is known. Because we understand things through our senses, then what we understand must also be expressed through our senses. We represent that knowledge through language. Language is a means of transferring our experiences to a concrete, literal form, so the sensuous can be made known in the psyche. To describe a snake (itself a linguistic representation of my experience), I might use the word, â€Å"slimy,† thus, I have distinguished one feeling from another feeling. Language also informs our perceptions of an object. We hear the sound of a word, and our brains conjur an image of the object the word represents. This image is then transferred into our own experience. If I say, â€Å"slimy,† you may think of mud or butter or a kiss, not necessarily a snake. These images are not right or wrong, but are based on your experiences. You will think of those things until, through my comparison of a snake to other objects and characteristics you do know, you can understand another thing that could possibly represent the word, â€Å"slimy.† What if someone wishes to discuss something outside of sensual or intellectual human experience? Because we cannot escape the use of sensual-psychic language to explain experience and knowledge of experience, even an experience beyond the sensual-psychic must be expressed through the common language that is received through the ear and processed through the brain. Jesus knew this full well, choosing to speak in parables rather than outlining theories and spiritual realities. We listen better to stories with objects and plots we can understand. His audience identified with agriculture, shepherding, wedding feasts, and inheritances. And although he knew the people could not comprehend the fullness of meaning behind his stories, storytelling was the most effective way to shed any light on the world of the spirit. As Paul Tillich says, once we take literally the language we use to represent â€Å"ultimate concerns† (things of the spirit), then we have made language into an idol ____________. Kierkegaard predated Tillich with his statement that â€Å"all human language about the spiritual . . . is essentially transferred or metaphorical language†(199). To prevent our understanding of language from remaining in the literal or sensuous-psychic state, and thus becoming idolatrous, then we must see it as a symbol, participating in the actual, but not the actual itself __________.

Connecting Nazi Propaganda poster to Hitler’s rise to power

After the Great Depression in the early 1930’s, it resulted in economic and political instability for post ww1 Gremany. Adolf Hitler utilized fascism to promote his rise to power. Nazi propaganda posters were being used as â€Å"Art of Persuasion† during this time. Hitler was no fool, and used every opportunity to his advantage provied by the depression. The Propaganda posters were used as a tool to promote Hitlers beliefs. He used this as a way to sell his ideas to the people of Germany. Hitler was trying to gain the German peoples trust through emotions. The propaganda poster helped promote Hitler’s rise to power. He related to the peoples wants and needs to gain his power. Each poster related to everyone in Germany in some way. This helped secure his rise in power. If one poster did not relate to someone, another did. By utilizing the â€Å"Art of Presuation†, he gained all the power one would need to rule. Personally, it is devostaing how one person can gain that much power over that many people during a time of crisis. It makes perfect sense as to why so many people allowed Hitler so much power. He took initiative when no one else would. He took matters into his own hands. Hitler gave the people what they needed at a time of crisis. Hitler’s rise to power came at the perfect time. Germany was in turmoil, and they were in need of a hero to save them. Propaganda posters related to everyone, and Hitler made the best use out of them.

Stock Market News In China Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2494 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Topics: China Essay Did you like this example? Content Executive summary: 1.Introduction 2.Discussion 2.1Comparing Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stock market with USà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 2.1.1overview of the stock market in China and America 2.1.2 Some differences between Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stock market and Americaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 2.1.3Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dual-share system 2.1.4Settlement date 2.2Three typical characteristics of Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s listed companies 2.3Corporate governanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s influence 2.3.1The shareholders 2.3.2The board of directors (BOD) 2.3.3Weak external governance structure 3.Conclusion Reference list: Executive summary: China is gaining more attention of the world due to its high economy growth speed. However, China security market is telling a bad story to us, which conflicts with the good picture of China economy. In this report, we try to discuss why China security market did not work as well as American market did. We mainly illustrate this question from typical differences on corporate governance between China security market and North American market. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Stock Market News In China Essay Example Pdf" essay for you Create order 1. Introduction Generally, it is believed the stock market is the weatherglass of one countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy; however, it is not the case in China. When Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s GDP increases at an over 8% rate annually, China stock market has been on decline in the past 4 years. With its flagship stock exchanges set up in Shanghai and Shenzhen, the China securities market really only started in 1990 with 10 listed companies. In 2013, the number is 2489 (China Securities Regulatory Commission [CSRC], 2014). The US financial markets are highly developed and influential on the world economy. The US equities markets comprise several stock exchanges and its most important ones are located in New York City: the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the American Stock Exchange (AMEX) (Legislative Council of Hong Kong [LegCo], 2014). Finger 1 compares Americaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s SP 500 index (^GSPC) with Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s SSE Composite Index (000001.SS) which proves that Americaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ â„ ¢s stock market performed much better than Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s even though its growth of GDP is obviously lower than China. This report aims to analyses why China security market did not work as well as US market did. It introduces some differences between China stock market and America stock market. Then it analyses typical characteristics of Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s listed companies which different with Americaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. Finally, several reasons concerning corporate governance is discussed. Finger 1 Performance of GSPC 0000001.SS from 2009 to 2014. 2. Discussion Comparing Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stock market with USà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 2.1.1overview of the stock market in China and America In contrast to US, Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stock market has a history of only 23 years. As a country, China has the second largest stock market by trading volume and the third largest by market capitalization, $3.7 trillion in 2013, after the US and Japan. The main boards of the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges list larger more mature stocks, like the NYSE in the US. The Shenzhen Stock Exchange also includes two other boards, the Small and Medium Enterprise Board and the ChiNext Board, also known as the Growth Enterprise Board, more comparable to the NASDAQ in US, which provide capital for smaller and high-technology stocks. In a whole, China stock market is very large and seems like US stock market. 2.1.2 Some differences between Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stock market and Americaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stock market has some distinctive features. First, it is a pure order- driven market, as op posed to a quote-driven market, whereas the US and several other countries have hybrid equity market systems. Second, it is a centralized market, whereas the US market is fragmented, with dark pools and other off-exchange trading. This may have important implications for market in formativeness. There are no dark pools with hidden orders in China, all orders are visible. Moreover, there is no extended trading period for institutional investors. Institutional and retail investors have equal access to information from a market microstructure point of view. In addition, Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stock market has a price move limit of 10% to deter excess volatility and stock manipulation. Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dual-share system Different with the US, Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stock market has a dual-share system in which domestic investors can invest only in A shares, while foreign investors can invest only in B shares. In addition, many firms have H shares, traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. A number of articles, such as Chan, Menkveld, and Yang (2008) and Mei, Scheinkman, and Wei (2009), study the discount of B share and H share value relative to A shares, which they attribute to information asymmetry between foreign and domestic investors and speculative motives. With the introduction of programs such as the Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors (QFII) program of 2002, which relaxed the cross-trading restrictions, B share issuance and trading have mostly vanished. In addition, Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s equity market used to have a large non-tradable component, held by corporate founders, often central or local governments. With the share structure reform starting in 2002, this phenomenon has mos tly disappeared among mid and small-cap stocks, though not entirely among large stocks. Settlement date Settlement date is another difference between China and America. Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s share market adopted T+1 which means the settlement date of security transactions and denote that the settlement occurs on a transaction date plus one day. As many other countries, the settlement date of USà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s share market is T+0 which means you can sell the shares on the same day when you buy it. 2.2 Three typical characteristics of Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s listed companies In 2001, a famous Chinese economist, Wu Jinglian, characterized Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stock market as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Casinoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ manipulated by speculators, misled by the central governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s visible hand to unfairly support state-owned enterprises (SOEs), and without a strong link to fundamentals (Allen et al, 2005). These listed companies have great concern due to three typical characteristics (1) Percentage of State ownership is relatively high: The majority of these listed companies in China evolved from State-owned enterprises. To make sure those companies are still state controlled, the percentage of shares available to the open market is relatively low. (2) Percentage of negotiable shares is relatively low: State-owned shares and legal entity shares are not traded in the open market. As such, much more than global average level of the shares are non-negotiable. (3) Number of individual shareholders is relatively high: China securit ies market is primarily made up of individual investors and lack institutional investors. However, the shareholding ratios are relatively low, and they cannot participate as effectively as American shareholders do. These three characteristics are also different characteristics from American market, which are also three most important reasons weakening shareholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ abilities to participate in the corporate governance of public companies and keep the stock marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s soundness. 2.3 Corporate governanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s influence As is mentioned, it is thought that Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stock market misled by the central governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s visible hand to unfairly support state-owned enterprises (SOEs), and without a strong link to fundamentals. Due to this, the corporate governance can partially explain the reason why the performance of Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s share market cannot play the role of weatherglass of its economy. The shareholders (1) Highly concentrated corporate ownership: In China, present corporate ownership system includes state share, legal person share, which is owned by companies, and social common share (Cheng, 2003). The state share and legal person share are non-tradable shares. According to a report, at the end of 2004, 47% of public companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ shares are state share, and 16.55% of shares are legal person share. According to Chengà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s opinion, the result of majority non-tradable share is conflicts between interests of holders of social common shares and the state. Because majority shares are owned by the state and the companies themselves, common shareholders cannot effectively monitor managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s behavior and the state usually does not exercise its rights as a shareholder to influence management effectively. For example, the Ministry of Agriculture, which is the supervisory agency of Lantian Co. Ltd., was either unable or unwilling to find out th e companys financial misconduct before it was reported by a university professor (Shi, 2002). In addition, since only minority shares can be freely traded in the market, the stock price can not reflect companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ performance. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s easy for the stock price to be distorted by the non-rational investors. For instance, in the Initial Public Offer (IPO) of Mingdong Power in 2000, the P/E ratio was 88. These phenomena seldom appear in US because of widely held ownership. Therefore, reducing the percentage of state shares is one way to resolve the problems of highly concentrated ownership structure. (2) The relative small size of Chinese stock market: Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial system is dominated by its large state-owned banking sector and expanding shadow banking sector. Total bank credit was 128% of GDP in 2012, according to Elliott and Yan (2013), and total credit in the shadow banking sector was reckoned to be anywhere from 40 to 90% of GDP , while Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stock market capitalization is only 44% of GDP. By contrast, US bank credit and stock market capitalization were 48% and 118% of GDP in 2012. (3) Weak protection for shareholders, especially individual minority shareholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ rights: Chinese laws relatively neglect civil liabilities and compensation, and have not provided a procedure and specific clauses for enforceable civil actions. In addition, there is no provision for a class action lawsuit under Chinese law and it is very difficult for an individual shareholder to sue a public company for fraud (Lin, 2004). To improve corporate governance, efforts are needed to strengthen the mechanism for shareholders to enforce their rights. (4) Common shareholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ short-term behaviors: According to Chengà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s investigation, in China, 76.3% of investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ investment cycles are no more than half year, and 27% of investment cycles are shorter than one month. According to Prisonerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Dilemma theory, short-term investors have less incentive to take part in the corporate governance because of reason of cost-efficiency. Another problem is the low education level of common shareholders. The investigation of Shenzhen Stock Exchange in 2001 shows that 44% of common shareholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ education level is lower than senior high school and more than 12% of shareholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ education level is lower than junior high school. Because of limited professional investment knowledge, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hard to ask them to make rational investment decisions and get involved in corporate governance. The board of directors (BOD) (1) Legitimacy of supervisory BOD: Different with US, in China, many supervisory BOD members are leaders of Party Committees of the company who are appointed for legitimacy by the government due to the state-owned nature, they actually lack of motivation to monitor the management BOD. The supervisory BOD meets far less often than management BOD, and lack of expertise impairs the function of supervisory BOD. According to the stakeholder theory, the company should be responsible to all who has a direct or indirect interest in the firm, rather than only to maximize shareholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ interest (Hasnas, 2013). Due to high state ownership in China, it is suggested that the supervisory BOD should have representatives of common shareholders, and more expertise should be included. (2) Weak independency and poor duty and responsibility of management BOD: BOD should obey the fiduciary duty theory, which means acting in the interest of shareholder rather than maximize their own interests. However according to a survey (257 companies listed in Shanghai Stock Exchange), in China, only 3.1% of BOD has some degree of independency (Guo et al, 2013). Lack of law is one reason, only the regulations cannot enforce the implementation of BOD independency. Besides, most of the members in BOD who lack of knowledge and professional experience are directly appointed by the government; usually the chair of the company is the leader of Party Committee of the company. Moreover, the goal of BOD is not clear, most of the BOD acting as a consultant rather than monitoring management behavior and maximizing shareholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ profit. Weak external governance structure (1) Lack of professional management and its market, obstacles in regulations, and lack of information transparency (Lin, 2004): In America, professional managers will face pressure from the management profession. If they are caught of fraudulent behaviors or lost due to bad performance, their career in this industry will be dark. There is no such pressure in China because there is not such a profession. (2) Weak or absence of monitoring role by banks: In the US, banks, as the creditors, have great incentives to monitor companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ behavior and can influence companies to perform well. In China, if the state controlled banks suffer from bed debt, they will not go bankrupt, because the government will take the loss. As a result, the banks will not take all effort to monitor the companies. (3) Small and insignificant number of institutional investors that do not play a major role to improve corporate governance: In America, many institutional investors trace compa niesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ information, and information asymmetry is reduced to lower level, which is beneficial to efficient market. However, in China, the absolute number and the expertise of those institutional investors are not comparable to those in America, and their influences on companies are relatively weak. 3. Conclusion Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stock market is obviously different with Americaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. Many factors make them different but the role of the government is the most important one. High state ownership lowers down market functions, and government interference does it further. In America, this is very rare. Even though Chinese government failed to sway the markets by many ways, it is reforming its SOEs recently to deal with problems exist in its listed companies which may help its stock market escape from the trend of decline (Lim, 2014). Due to influence of SOEs is a major reason for bad performance of China stock market, this reform is highly possible hopeful to make succeed. Actually, in the past several months, China stock market appeared a tendency of rising as figure 2 shows. Figure 2 Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite Index last three months (2130 words) Reference list: China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC). (2014). Stock Market Overview Tables in October 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2014, from https://www.csrc.gov.cn/pub/zjhpublic/G00306204/zqscyb/201311/W020131115543214370712.xls Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo). (2014). Financial System of the United Sates of America. Retrieved September 18, 2014, from https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr00-01/english/library/0001in10.pdf Chan, K., Menkveld, A. J., Yang, Z. (2008).Information Asymmetry and Asset Prices: Evidence from the China Foreign Share Discount. The Journal of Finance, 63(1), 159-196. Mei, J., Scheinkman, J. A., Wei, X. (2009). Speculative trading and stock prices: Evidence from Chinese AB share premia. Annals of Economics and Finance, 10(1), 225à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"255. Allen, F., Qian, J., Qian, M. (2005). Law, finance, and economic growth in China. Journal of Financial Economics, 77(1), 57à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"116. Cheng, S.(2003). The Nine Problems in Chinese Stock M arket. China Business Post, 10(3), 16-22. Shi, S. (2002). Corporate Governance with Chinese Characteristics. The China Business Review. 13(2), 23-31. Elliott, D., Yan, K. (2013). The Chinese financial system: An introduction and overview, John L. Thornton China Center Monograph Series. Lin, T. W. (2004). Corporate Governance in China: Recent Developments, Key Problems, and Solutions. Journal of Accounting and Corporate Governance, 1(1), 1-23. Hasnas, J. (2013). Whither Stakeholder Theory? A Guide for the Perplexed Revisited. Journal of Business Ethics, 112(1), 47-57. Guo, L., Smallman, C., Radford, J. (2013). A critique of corporate governance in China. International Journal of Law and Management, 55(4), 257-272. Lim, W. (2014). Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Stocks Gain for Fifth Day as Property Developers Advance. Bloomberg. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-09-04/china-s-stock-index-futures-rise-amid-prospects-for-soe-reform.html